10 Advanced Analytical Techniques You Can Perform in R Assignments

 

R is the most popular and commonly used statistical software performing statistical calculations and graphical visualizations in the sphere of data analysis and research. For students, learning R and its powerful techniques can immensely help to conduct data research in their coursework and assignments. This guide explains the 10 most complex analysis that one can perform in R with examples and coding illustrations. 

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1. Linear Regression

Linear regression is one of the most basic techniques of statistical modeling. It quantifies the relation between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.

Example Code:

# Load necessary library

library(ggplot2)

# Sample data

data(mtcars)

# Perform linear regression

model <- lm(mpg ~ wt + hp, data = mtcars)

# Summary of the model

summary(model)

 

Explanation:

In this example, we use the mtcars dataset to perform a linear regression where mpg (miles per gallon) is the dependent variable, and wt (weight) and hp (horsepower) are the independent variables. The summary function provides detailed statistics about the model.

2. Logistic Regression

Logistic regression is used for problems involving binary classification. It estimates the probability of an event belonging to one of two possible classes based on one or more predictor variables.

Example Code:

# Load necessary library

library(MASS)

# Sample data

data(Pima.tr)

# Perform logistic regression

logit_model <- glm(type ~ npreg + glu + bp, data = Pima.tr, family =

binomial)

# Summary of the model

summary(logit_model)

Explanation:

Using the Pima.tr dataset from the MASS package, we perform logistic regression to predict diabetes (type) based on predictors like the number of pregnancies (npreg), glucose

concentration (glu), and blood pressure (bp).

3. Time Series Analysis

The process of time series analysis focuses on observation of data that is chronological in nature to understand the patterns and forecast values.

Example Code:

# Load necessary library

library(forecast)

# Generate sample time series data

set.seed(123)

ts_data <- ts(rnorm(100), frequency = 12)

# Perform time series analysis

fit <- auto.arima(ts_data) 

# Forecast future values

forecast(fit, h = 12)

Explanation:

We generate random time series data and use the auto.arima function from the forecast package to fit an ARIMA model, which is then used to forecast future values.

4. Clustering Analysis

Cluster Analysis groups data points together on the basis of similarities between the points. K-means clustering is one of the most used clustering techniques.

Example Code:

# Load necessary library

library(cluster)

# Sample data

data(iris)

# Perform K-means clustering

set.seed(123)

kmeans_result <- kmeans(iris[, -5], centers = 3)

# Plot the clusters

clusplot(iris[, -5], kmeans_result$cluster, color = TRUE, shade = TRUE)

Explanation:

We use the iris dataset and perform K-means clustering to group the data into three clusters. The clusplot function visualizes the clusters.

5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

PCA serves to minimize the dimensions of data and at the same time retain as much variation of the data as possible. It is helpful to visualize data with high dimensionality.

Example Code:

# Load necessary library

library(stats)

# Sample data

data(iris)

# Perform PCA

pca_result <- prcomp(iris[, -5], center = TRUE, scale. = TRUE)

# Plot the PCA

biplot(pca_result, scale = 0)

Explanation:

Using the iris dataset, we perform PCA and visualize the principal components using a biplot. This helps in understanding the variance explained by each principal component.

6. Survival Analysis

Survival analysis is concerned with the time to an event or until the event occurs. It is widely applied in medical studies.

Example Code:

# Load necessary library

library(survival)

# Sample data

data(lung)

# Perform survival analysis

 surv_fit <- survfit(Surv(time, status) ~ sex, data = lung)

# Plot the survival curve

plot(surv_fit, col = c("red", "blue"), lty = 1:2, xlab = "Time", ylab =

"Survival Probability")

Explanation:

Using the lung dataset, we perform survival analysis and plot the survival curves for different sexes using the survfit function.

7. Bayesian Analysis

One of the most used techniques in AI is Bayesian analysis which involves using prior knowledge along with new data to update probabilities.

Example Code:

# Load necessary library

library(rjags)

# Define the model

model_string <- "

  model {

    for (i in 1:N) {

      y[i] ~ dnorm(mu, tau)

    }

    mu ~ dnorm(0, 0.001)

    tau <- 1 / sigma^2

    sigma ~ dunif(0, 100)

  }

"

# Sample data

data <- list(y = rnorm(100, mean = 5, sd = 2), N = 100)

# Compile the model

model <- jags.model(textConnection(model_string), data = data, n.chains =

3)

# Perform MCMC sampling

samples <- coda.samples(model, variable.names = c("mu", "sigma"), n.iter =

1000)

# Summary of the results

summary(samples)

 

Explanation:

We define a Bayesian model using JAGS and perform MCMC sampling to estimate the parameters. This approach is powerful for incorporating prior beliefs and handling complex models.

8. Decision Trees

Decision tree is a non-parametric model applied in classification and regression analysis. They divided the data into subsets according to feature values.

Example Code:

# Load necessary library

library(rpart)

# Sample data

data(iris)

# Train a decision tree

tree_model <- rpart(Species ~ ., data = iris)

# Plot the decision tree

plot(tree_model)

text(tree_model, pretty = 0)

Explanation:

Using the iris dataset, we train a decision tree to classify species. The tree is visualized to show the splits and decision rules.

9. Random Forest

Random forest can be defined as an advanced machine learning technique that uses multiple decision trees and combines them to enhance accuracy and reduce overfitting..

Example Code:

# Load necessary library

library(randomForest)

# Sample data

data(iris)

# Train a random forest

rf_model <- randomForest(Species ~ ., data = iris, ntree = 100)

# Summary of the model

print(rf_model)

Explanation:

We use the iris dataset to train a random forest model with 100 trees. The randomForest function builds and combines multiple decision trees for robust predictions.

10. Neural Networks

Neural networks are a set of algorithms that have been designed in the manner of functioning like the human brain to solve problems.

Example Code:

# Load necessary library

library(nnet)

# Sample data

data(iris)

# Train a neural network

nn_model <- nnet(Species ~ ., data = iris, size = 5, maxit = 100)

# Summary of the model

summary(nn_model)

Explanation:

Using the iris dataset, we train a neural network with five hidden units. The nnet function from the nnet package is used to create the model.

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References

1. Wickham, H., & Grolemund, G. (2017). R for Data Science: Import, Tidy, Transform, Visualize, and Model Data. O'Reilly Media. 

2. James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2013). An Introduction to Statistical Learning: With Applications in R. Springer.