R is the most popular and commonly used statistical software performing statistical calculations and graphical visualizations in the sphere of data analysis and research. For students, learning R and its powerful techniques can immensely help to conduct data research in their coursework and assignments. This guide explains the 10 most complex analysis that one can perform in R with examples and coding illustrations.
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1. Linear Regression
Linear regression is one of the most
basic techniques of statistical modeling. It quantifies the relation between a
dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
Example
Code:
#
Load necessary library
library(ggplot2)
#
Sample data
data(mtcars)
#
Perform linear regression
model
<- lm(mpg ~ wt + hp, data = mtcars)
#
Summary of the model
summary(model)
Explanation:
In this example, we use the mtcars
dataset to perform a linear regression where mpg
(miles per gallon) is the dependent variable, and wt
(weight) and hp (horsepower) are the
independent variables. The summary
function provides detailed statistics about the model.
2. Logistic Regression
Logistic
regression is used for problems involving binary classification. It estimates
the probability of an event belonging to one of two possible classes based on
one or more predictor variables.
Example
Code:
#
Load necessary library
library(MASS)
#
Sample data
data(Pima.tr)
#
Perform logistic regression
logit_model
<- glm(type ~ npreg + glu + bp, data = Pima.tr, family =
binomial)
#
Summary of the model
summary(logit_model)
Explanation:
Using the Pima.tr
dataset from the MASS
package, we perform logistic regression to predict diabetes (type)
based on predictors like the number of pregnancies (npreg),
glucose
concentration (glu),
and blood pressure (bp).
3. Time Series Analysis
The process of time series
analysis focuses on observation of data that is chronological in nature to understand
the patterns and forecast values.
Example
Code:
#
Load necessary library
library(forecast)
#
Generate sample time series data
set.seed(123)
ts_data
<- ts(rnorm(100), frequency = 12)
#
Perform time series analysis
fit
<- auto.arima(ts_data)
#
Forecast future values
forecast(fit,
h = 12)
Explanation:
We generate random time series data and
use the auto.arima
function from the forecast
package to fit an ARIMA model, which is then used to forecast future values.
4. Clustering Analysis
Cluster
Analysis groups data points together on the basis of similarities between the
points. K-means clustering is one of the most used clustering techniques.
Example
Code:
#
Load necessary library
library(cluster)
#
Sample data
data(iris)
#
Perform K-means clustering
set.seed(123)
kmeans_result
<- kmeans(iris[, -5], centers = 3)
#
Plot the clusters
clusplot(iris[,
-5], kmeans_result$cluster, color = TRUE, shade = TRUE)
Explanation:
We use the iris
dataset and perform K-means clustering to group the data into three clusters.
The clusplot function visualizes
the clusters.
5. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
PCA
serves to minimize the dimensions of data and at the same time retain as much
variation of the data as possible. It is helpful to visualize data with high
dimensionality.
Example
Code:
#
Load necessary library
library(stats)
#
Sample data
data(iris)
#
Perform PCA
pca_result
<- prcomp(iris[, -5], center = TRUE, scale. = TRUE)
#
Plot the PCA
biplot(pca_result,
scale = 0)
Explanation:
Using the iris
dataset, we perform PCA and visualize the principal components using a biplot.
This helps in understanding the variance explained by each principal component.
6. Survival Analysis
Survival
analysis is concerned with the time to an event or until the event occurs. It
is widely applied in medical studies.
Example
Code:
#
Load necessary library
library(survival)
#
Sample data
data(lung)
#
Perform survival analysis
surv_fit <- survfit(Surv(time, status) ~
sex, data = lung)
#
Plot the survival curve
plot(surv_fit,
col = c("red", "blue"), lty = 1:2, xlab = "Time",
ylab =
"Survival
Probability")
Explanation:
Using the lung
dataset, we perform survival analysis and plot the survival curves for
different sexes using the survfit
function.
7. Bayesian Analysis
One of the most used
techniques in AI is Bayesian analysis which involves using prior knowledge along with new data to
update probabilities.
Example
Code:
#
Load necessary library
library(rjags)
#
Define the model
model_string
<- "
model {
for (i in 1:N) {
y[i] ~ dnorm(mu, tau)
}
mu ~ dnorm(0, 0.001)
tau <- 1 / sigma^2
sigma ~ dunif(0, 100)
}
"
#
Sample data
data
<- list(y = rnorm(100, mean = 5, sd = 2), N = 100)
#
Compile the model
model
<- jags.model(textConnection(model_string), data = data, n.chains =
3)
#
Perform MCMC sampling
samples
<- coda.samples(model, variable.names = c("mu",
"sigma"), n.iter =
1000)
#
Summary of the results
summary(samples)
Explanation:
We define a Bayesian model using JAGS and
perform MCMC sampling to estimate the parameters. This approach is powerful for
incorporating prior beliefs and handling complex models.
8. Decision Trees
Decision
tree is a non-parametric model applied in classification and regression
analysis. They divided the data into subsets according to feature values.
Example
Code:
#
Load necessary library
library(rpart)
#
Sample data
data(iris)
#
Train a decision tree
tree_model
<- rpart(Species ~ ., data = iris)
#
Plot the decision tree
plot(tree_model)
text(tree_model,
pretty = 0)
Explanation:
Using the iris
dataset, we train a decision tree to classify species. The tree is visualized
to show the splits and decision rules.
9. Random Forest
Random
forest can be defined as an advanced machine learning technique that uses
multiple decision trees and combines them to enhance accuracy and reduce
overfitting..
Example
Code:
#
Load necessary library
library(randomForest)
#
Sample data
data(iris)
#
Train a random forest
rf_model
<- randomForest(Species ~ ., data = iris, ntree = 100)
#
Summary of the model
print(rf_model)
Explanation:
We use the iris
dataset to train a random forest model with 100 trees. The randomForest
function builds and combines multiple decision trees for robust predictions.
10. Neural Networks
Neural networks are a set
of algorithms that have been designed in the manner of functioning like the
human brain to solve problems.
Example
Code:
#
Load necessary library
library(nnet)
#
Sample data
data(iris)
#
Train a neural network
nn_model
<- nnet(Species ~ ., data = iris, size = 5, maxit = 100)
#
Summary of the model
summary(nn_model)
Explanation:
Using the iris
dataset, we train a neural network with five hidden units. The nnet
function from the nnet
package is used to create the model.
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References
1. Wickham, H., & Grolemund, G. (2017). R for Data Science: Import, Tidy, Transform, Visualize, and Model Data. O'Reilly Media.
2. James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2013). An Introduction to Statistical Learning: With Applications in R. Springer.